A near three decade-long effort to rein in dangerous
planetary warming is set to culminate today in the first-ever universal
pact to curb greenhouse gas emissions.
The road has been long.
Climate alarm
Alerted by scientists to signs that Earth's climate is warming, the UN establishes an international panel of scientists in 1988 to investigate.
Two years later, the team reports that greenhouse gases generated by human activity are on the rise, and could intensify global warming.
In a series of reports, evidence accumulates that human activity -- voracious burning of coal, oil and gas and destructive farming practices -- is warming Earth's surface and disrupting its climate system.
First response
A UN "Earth Summit" held in Rio de Janeiro in 1992 sets up a convention with the aim of stabilising greenhouse gas emissions to prevent "dangerous" interference with the climate system. All signatories -- now 195 nations -- have met every year since then in a gathering known as the Conference of Parties to chase that elusive goal.
A deal in Japan
Finally, in 1997, nations reach an agreement in Kyoto, Japan, after all-night talks in a chilly conference centre, setting a 2008-2012 timeframe for industrialised nations to reduce greenhouse-gas emissions by an average 5.2 percent from 1990 levels.
Developing countries, including fast-growing China, India and Brazil, are not required to take on binding targets. Four years later, the world's then-leading carbon emitter, the United States, deals the protocol a body blow by refusing to ratify it.
George W Bush says the deal is unfair as it lets developing giants off the hook. Nevertheless, the Kyoto Protocol takes effect in 2005 following its ratification by Russia -- the 55th signatory needed.
Evidence mounts
A year later, China overtakes the United States to become the world's biggest greenhouse gas emitter. And in 2007, the UN's climate science panel reports that evidence of global warming is now "unequivocal"
It forecasts warming of 1.8-4.0 Celsius (3.2-7.2F) by 2100 and a rise in sea levels of at least 18 centimetres (7.2 inches).
The report also warns that extreme weather events will probably multiply. In October 2007, the scientific team share the Nobel Peace Prize with former US vice president Al Gore, but its reputation is later tarnished by revelations that its most recent report contains several errors.
From Copenhagen collapse, to Paris
It is still the stuff of climate envoys' nightmares.
The 2009 Copenhagen conference seeking a post-2012 agreement to replace Kyoto, is a near-catastrophe.
Rather than the first climate pact to include all UN nations, the outcome is a watered-down, last-minute political "accord" among several dozen major emitters.
The document sets a goal of limiting average global warming to 2C (3.6 F) but is vague on the method. Importantly, however, it enshrines a promise by rich countries to muster $100 billion (91 billion euros) in climate aid for developing countries per year by 2020.
In 2014, the science panel warns that average global temperatures by the end of the 21st century could be 3.7-4.8C (6.7-8.6F) higher than in the period 1850-1900 if nothing is done to ease the upward emissions trend.
In December 2015, 150 heads of state and government converge on Paris to launch a new attempt to reach a universal greenhouse gas-cutting accord.
That's
the tally in hectares, equivalent to 45 acres, for the area of the
talks venue, located just north of Paris in Le Bourget. Most of the
conference centre is open only to negotiators and others with
accreditation, though there are zones for the general public and
businesses.
21,000
The tonnage of greenhouse gas produced by the conference. That's equal to the annual carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions of 4,420 cars over the course of a year. The pollution will be compensated ("offset") by CO2-curbing projects in the southern hemisphere, the French government says.
412,000
The number of meals to be served over the scheduled duration of the November 30-December 11 talks. But UNFCCC conferences of the parties -- COPs -- are notorious for overrunning.
32
The number of negotiating rooms at the sprawling conference centre in Le Bourget. There are also two plenary halls with a total of 3,300 seats, as well as about 20 rooms for parallel events.
2,800
The number of police and gendarmes who will be responsible for security at the conference.
Some 8,000 additional law enforcement personnel were deployed at France's borders.
At least 100 UN security personnel as well as 300 private security guards are to be patrolling the conference, which opens just weeks after France suffered its worst ever terror attack.
70,000
The number of additional places that have been created on public transport in the Paris area during the conference. Special bus lines and a fleet of 200 electric cars will ferry conference delegates to and from central Paris.
170-186 million
That's the budget in euros, equal to $180-196 million, that France has set for the conference, with an additional 25 million euros in assistance -- primarily services and materials -- coming from about 50 French and foreign companies.
Organisers expect the event will bring in about 100 million euros to the greater Paris region mostly through participants' spending on lodging, food and shopping.
The road has been long.
Climate alarm
Alerted by scientists to signs that Earth's climate is warming, the UN establishes an international panel of scientists in 1988 to investigate.
Two years later, the team reports that greenhouse gases generated by human activity are on the rise, and could intensify global warming.
In a series of reports, evidence accumulates that human activity -- voracious burning of coal, oil and gas and destructive farming practices -- is warming Earth's surface and disrupting its climate system.
First response
A UN "Earth Summit" held in Rio de Janeiro in 1992 sets up a convention with the aim of stabilising greenhouse gas emissions to prevent "dangerous" interference with the climate system. All signatories -- now 195 nations -- have met every year since then in a gathering known as the Conference of Parties to chase that elusive goal.
A deal in Japan
Finally, in 1997, nations reach an agreement in Kyoto, Japan, after all-night talks in a chilly conference centre, setting a 2008-2012 timeframe for industrialised nations to reduce greenhouse-gas emissions by an average 5.2 percent from 1990 levels.
Developing countries, including fast-growing China, India and Brazil, are not required to take on binding targets. Four years later, the world's then-leading carbon emitter, the United States, deals the protocol a body blow by refusing to ratify it.
George W Bush says the deal is unfair as it lets developing giants off the hook. Nevertheless, the Kyoto Protocol takes effect in 2005 following its ratification by Russia -- the 55th signatory needed.
Evidence mounts
A year later, China overtakes the United States to become the world's biggest greenhouse gas emitter. And in 2007, the UN's climate science panel reports that evidence of global warming is now "unequivocal"
It forecasts warming of 1.8-4.0 Celsius (3.2-7.2F) by 2100 and a rise in sea levels of at least 18 centimetres (7.2 inches).
The report also warns that extreme weather events will probably multiply. In October 2007, the scientific team share the Nobel Peace Prize with former US vice president Al Gore, but its reputation is later tarnished by revelations that its most recent report contains several errors.
From Copenhagen collapse, to Paris
It is still the stuff of climate envoys' nightmares.
The 2009 Copenhagen conference seeking a post-2012 agreement to replace Kyoto, is a near-catastrophe.
Rather than the first climate pact to include all UN nations, the outcome is a watered-down, last-minute political "accord" among several dozen major emitters.
The document sets a goal of limiting average global warming to 2C (3.6 F) but is vague on the method. Importantly, however, it enshrines a promise by rich countries to muster $100 billion (91 billion euros) in climate aid for developing countries per year by 2020.
In 2014, the science panel warns that average global temperatures by the end of the 21st century could be 3.7-4.8C (6.7-8.6F) higher than in the period 1850-1900 if nothing is done to ease the upward emissions trend.
In December 2015, 150 heads of state and government converge on Paris to launch a new attempt to reach a universal greenhouse gas-cutting accord.
Paris Climate Talks By The Numbers
150
The number of heads of state and government who attended the opening ceremonies. Most of them gave speeches.
195
The number of nations which are members of the United Nations Framework
Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), which is organising the
conference. Some 10,000 delegates, 14,000 representatives of civil
society and more than 3,000 journalists are registered to attend.
18
That's
the tally in hectares, equivalent to 45 acres, for the area of the
talks venue, located just north of Paris in Le Bourget. Most of the
conference centre is open only to negotiators and others with
accreditation, though there are zones for the general public and
businesses.21,000
The tonnage of greenhouse gas produced by the conference. That's equal to the annual carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions of 4,420 cars over the course of a year. The pollution will be compensated ("offset") by CO2-curbing projects in the southern hemisphere, the French government says.
412,000
The number of meals to be served over the scheduled duration of the November 30-December 11 talks. But UNFCCC conferences of the parties -- COPs -- are notorious for overrunning.
32
The number of negotiating rooms at the sprawling conference centre in Le Bourget. There are also two plenary halls with a total of 3,300 seats, as well as about 20 rooms for parallel events.
2,800
The number of police and gendarmes who will be responsible for security at the conference.
Some 8,000 additional law enforcement personnel were deployed at France's borders.
At least 100 UN security personnel as well as 300 private security guards are to be patrolling the conference, which opens just weeks after France suffered its worst ever terror attack.
70,000
The number of additional places that have been created on public transport in the Paris area during the conference. Special bus lines and a fleet of 200 electric cars will ferry conference delegates to and from central Paris.
170-186 million
That's the budget in euros, equal to $180-196 million, that France has set for the conference, with an additional 25 million euros in assistance -- primarily services and materials -- coming from about 50 French and foreign companies.
Organisers expect the event will bring in about 100 million euros to the greater Paris region mostly through participants' spending on lodging, food and shopping.
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